Ethical Issues, Shareholder Or Stakeholder Responsibility,...

Write a paper on a specific problem of ethical leadership, such as environmental issues, shareholder or stakeholder responsibility, regulatory relationships or sexual harassment or discrimination. â€Å"Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma and fairness.† Face the complexity involved in making ethical choices: Openly talk about the ethical hazy areas and recognize the unpredictability of work life. Include others in a greater amount of the ethical choices. Be a leader who discusses the troublesome ethical decisions, and help other people figure out how to assume liability for settling on ethical choices carefully. Don t separate ethics from day-to-day business: Leaders must make it clear to their representatives that morals is the way we work and not a preparation program or instructional pamphlet. Each action, whether it is a preparation program, a customer meeting or an imperative top administration methodology session, ought to incorporate discussions about morals. Try not to permit contrary interpersonal practices to dissolve trust: Make regard a heap bearing shaft in your way of life. Be an ethical pioneer who expects it and practices it. Develop an aware situation in which individuals can talk up about morals and offer the obligation regarding living it. Assemble trust, interest openShow MoreRelatedEthics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World2859 Words   |  12 PagesEthics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World In recent 0years, most companies are striving to become a benefit corporation (B-corporation). This legal form of corporation is to provide legal protection to management that want to both maximize shareholder income and pursue a social or environmental agenda (Andre, 2012). This paradigm shift is due to consumer’s awareness, global warming and globalization inRead MoreExplain the ethical issues a business needs to consider in its operational activities3515 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction P1 – Explain the ethical issues a business needs to consider in its operational activities. Definition Of Business Ethics Ethics are to do with what is right and what is wrong. Ethics plays an increasingly important role in business. A business is part of society and just as society requires a certain standard of behaviour from individuals; it also expects businesses to abide similar standards. Business ethics is therefore the application of ethical values to business behaviourRead MoreCase Study : Nike s Global Supply Chain3974 Words   |  16 PagesCase: Nike’s global supply chain Proposed title: The global fashion industry’s perpetual engagement in sweatshop labor for profit maximization and its effect on human rights: a case study of Nike 1.0 INTRODUCTION Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly becoming a fundamental piece of the corporate world. It has been noted that the role of business is shifting and the expectations of the general public towards role of businesses has shifted. This is because some businesses are moreRead MoreCorporate Responsibility in Business4086 Words   |  17 PagesWhistleblowers’ Act * Discrimination Based on Gender * Religious Discrimination * Conclusion * References This course encouraged us to explored and developed a higher thinking and reasoning behind business morals and ethical issues. Our primary focus was to examine the issues facing the financial world pertaining to public issues in mergers, management versus stockholders’ interest, and the changing nature of the stockholders. In addition, we covered ethical dilemmas that investorsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: Global Definition of Csr, Impact of Csr on Smes, Best Practices, and Strategies Could Be Implemented in Bangladesh.10265 Words   |  42 Pagesthe case for CSR solely because of its economic benefits - an ethical case must be made for companies taking responsibility for the impact of their relations with society and the environment, otherwise the foundations of CSR will be far too narrow. However, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly significant category by which a company s reputation is evaluated. A variety of social and environmental issues across a broad spectrum of industries have recently been coveredRead MoreNew Economy vs Old Economy6826 Words   |  28 Pagesbillion during the second quarter, to  $14 billion. It ended the quarter with $22 billion in its cash reserves, an increase of $700 million from three months earlier. (Table3) Code of ethics statement A code of  business ethics  often focuses on social issues. It may set out general principles about an organizations beliefs on matters such as mission, quality, privacy or the environment. It may delineate proper procedures to determine whether a violation of the code of ethics has occurred and, if so,Read MoreCulture of Proctor and Gamble7701 Words   |  31 Pages1. Behavior in the Workplace 2. Child Labor and Worker Exploitation 3. Wage and Hour Practices 4. Safety, Health and Environmental †¢ Employee Safety †¢ Environmental Quality 5. HIV/AIDS 6. Conflict of Interest †¢ Business, Financial and Personal Relationships †¢ Gifts, Entertainment and Gratuities †¢ Improper Use of Company Assets 7. Employee Privacy 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 C. Respect in the Marketplace 1. Product Safety 2. Bribery and Improper BusinessRead MoreCulture of Proctor and Gamble7686 Words   |  31 Pages1. Behavior in the W orkplace 2. Child Labor and Worker Exploitation 3. Wage and Hour Practices 4. Safety, Health and Environmental †¢ Employee Safety †¢ Environmental Quality 5. HIV/AIDS 6. Conflict of Interest †¢ Business, Financial and Personal Relationships †¢ Gifts, Entertainment and Gratuities †¢ Improper Use of Company Assets 7. Employee Privacy 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 C. Respect in the Marketplace 1. Product Safety 2. Bribery and Improper BusinessRead MoreCoffee and Crisis Management Team21317 Words   |  86 PagesReport Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 Proprietary Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........†¦....2 3 Media Press Kit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..................24 Communication Strategy Worksheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...26 Stakeholder Contact Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......28 Business Continuity Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..32 Crisis Control Center Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........33 Post Crisis Evaluation Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........Read MoreEssay on Lwc1 Study Guide4295 Words   |  18 PagesA sleepy employee working at a computer C. Hours worked by a cashier at a convenience store D. Wet floors in the entrance of an office building 24. Which situation is an example of workplace discrimination? Choose 1 answer A. An employee is unhappy over a failed relationship with a coworker. B. A private religious school refuses to hire teachers of other religions. C. An employee returning from sick leave is placed on light duty based on doctors orders. D. A female

The Black And Burgundy Made Me Essay - 1392 Words

I never thought that my nails were going to draw too much attention. I was enjoying how the nail polish looked on my hands, it was an exciting change. The combination of black and burgundy made me feel powerful, reckless, and confident because I was subverting and redefining social norms. I felt like a man, but the rest of society saw me differently. In our society nail polish is for women. Painting nails is a beauty practice that embraces femininity and womanhood. My nails cast an instantaneous label on myself. Many individuals questioned my sexuality and gender. It was like my masculinity was endangered by the colors of my nails and I was no longer considered a man anymore. â€Å"Why do you paint your nails?† â€Å"Are you gay?† â€Å"Is it a new trend?† â€Å"Wait, what is that on your nails?†, I was a threat to what society defines as a man, therefore people were desperate to define the purpose of my painted nails. The interference of sex and gender n orms causes disruption to social order and people seem to be determine to redefine, correct or erase the variation. Every characteristic of an individual’s life is determined by their genitals. â€Å"Why is gender attribution so meaningful to social order and why does the inability to classify someone sex’s cause such a major disruption?† (Preves, 2004:13). Gender classification starts from birth, when a baby is identified as a boy or girl. The reveal of the child’s gender designates their future. Their social interactions, gender roles,Show MoreRelatedEssay On The Ghost1395 Words   |  6 PagesAs the thunder crackles in the night, a faint splash of car tires can be heard racing along the wet road. A sleek black cab is going well over the speed limit to get to its destination. Street lamps are flashing along one by one through the distorted window. 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Procter and Gamble Case Study Strategic Management - Free Solution

Question: Given the company's strategic orientation toward purpose and values, what would you do to help align a new performance management system with the strategic plan? How would you explain this relationship? What would you say and do to garner company-wide support for your performance management system? Answer: Introduction: PG is a multinational Organization of consumer goods situated in United States. It sells products like personal care, cleaning agents, pet foods. The PG Company is well known for its unique strategy which cares about the need of human. It not only makes its product available to its consumers but also tries to improve the life of its consumers. This strategy is more focus on its consumers wants and that is why it has an appeal to the heart of the consumer. The company has diversified its product line and also acquired other companies which have significantly contributed in the growth of their profitability. There are many kinds of tools in performance management, they are : performance planning, development planning, self-evaluation questions, training and evaluation which must be used in and effective way so as to increase the participation of the employees in the organization with it maximum potential. Hence performance management helps and organization to obtain its objective with effective manpower. The functions of HR for aligning a new performance management system with the strategic plan: The strategic orientation of PG towards its purpose and values: The purpose of PG is to improve the lives of the consumer from various parts of the world and provide superior quality of services and products and value. In return they intend to receive consumer reward with leadership value creation, sales and profit by considering their shareholders, customers and communities in which they work. PG aims to recruit and attract enthusiasts without observing difference apart from that of potentiality (Lafley, 2010). PG aims to maintain integrity and encourage their passion for winning. They have a clear vision of their purpose and operate according to the spirits of the law. They consider the accountability to meet the requirements of the business and improve their effectiveness. The basic business strategy for PG is the diversity of the supplier (A, 2013). They believe that diversity is the key which makes the internal and external public of a company to fulfill the principles and values (Bachrach and Schermerhorn, 2013). To obtain the objective a company needs a strategy and in order to implement a strategy the resources along with the workforce plays a key role. The workforce is the human resource of an organization that is the main support on which the company relies. In order to achieve the aim of an organization PG needs to implement a new performance management system (Cascone, 2011). The HR in PG is responsible in person for supervising the reviews of annual diversity along with the top management and director of diversity of every units and function of a business (Chiarini, n.d.). PG conducts survey on basis of their training and customer feedback to which the gets benefits both in organizational as well as individual level. They provide a competitive based salary, which includes incentives and bonus depending on the performance of the employee. PG highly depends on the customer service because they provide consumer-based products. According to the performance opportunities and appraisals are provided (Demartini, n.d.). Career planning and succession planning is also encouraged according to the potential of the employees. This kind of performance management system has been a strong infrastructure of the company and credits to their organizations profitability (Fernandez and Moldogaziev, 2012). This states that PG appreciates the effort of their employees which distinguishes them from their competitors. In order to align a new performance management system with the strategic plan of PG there are certain approaches that PG needs to follow, they are: 1. First and foremost the HR needs to inform the employees about the new performance management: In order to align the strategic plan a company needs to update their performance system. It is necessary for an organization because new system of performance management results in the increase in involvement of the employees. But it often happens that with the announcement or declaration of new system of performance management, the employees gets de motivated and their level of productivity also decreases (Freeman, 2010). It must be ensured that the new system of performance management needs to be more attractive than the previous one. This information must be conveyed to the existing employees. Clear information and a face to face confrontation of with the employees are necessary so that the employees wouldnt adopt a negative impression. 2. Provide employees the prospect of assessing themselves: A HR manager needs to complete the appraisal of performance of the employees and provide them a form of evaluation. The employees need to comprehend their own level of potentiality. If the evaluation process is done by the employees themselves then the feedback mostly becomes negative. The employees are generally more critical of them and give negative remarks for their performance. Acquiring the input of the employees own performance may give way to communication which will help the HR to frankly discuss the perceptions and opinions between the two evaluations. 3. Collect information from sources: Instead of getting input and feedback from the supervisors, those who make employee interaction should also be consulted for performance evaluation. This process will include co-workers, clients or customers, executives, departments, team members or who regularly interacts with the existing employees and can give information about the weakness and strengths of the employees. 4. Make the employees understand their role in the overall vision of the company: It is very much essential for the employees of PG to understand the vision, value and mission of the company and the target for a specific period of time. A clear vision of target will help the employees understand their potential, productivity and efficiency (Hong and Hi, 2013). They would also try to find out whether their present competency is sufficient enough for PG to achieve their aim. This is a very important part of an HR. At this step; the HR needs to make sure that the employees consider the target to be achievable. For this the management needs to encourage and motivate them so that they could give their best. 5. Provide scope for advancement and development of employees: An essential part of employee engagement and performance management, the opportunity to provide scope for advancement and development is a compulsory job of an HR (Harris, Craig and Light, 2011). Without the scope of career or development an employee never wishes to remain in the organization. If the organization is unable or doesnt provides ample scope of advancement for its employees then the turnover increases. This means that the company may lose many of its efficient employees (Walker, Damanpour and Devece, 2010). The evaluation method should be a forum for open discussion regarding the improvement of the efficiency of the employees and will also decide the need for training and advancement of the employee. This would also help employees to improve their effectiveness and their efficiency towards work (Fujimoto and Hartel, 2010). 6. Strategic means of rewarding their employees by employee evaluation: The HR must ensure that the evaluation of performance must be linked to the system of compensation and a fair system is conducted for monitoring the raise in pay and the bonus provided by the company (Kerzner, 2014). This is a system that indirectly motivates the performance of the employees and helps them to keep and estimation of their future. The employees must also know the policy of compensating so that they can claim their money in case of misconduct (Martn-de Castro et al., 2013). In case of new system of performance management the employees pre-considers the fact that the new policy would be less helpful to them but this misconception should be cleared by the HR (Procter Gamble Digitizes its Talent Management Processes through Customized Talent by Design Solutions, 2013). If these certain steps are followed for the Human Resource of an Organization then PG would certainly be able to align with its future goal. The System for management performance in order to align the Strategic plans of PG can be formed in the following way. The relationship between the Strategic plan and the Performance management system of PG: The Strategy of PG is to consider the human needs first. There are examples provided in the case study that states that considering the hygiene factor PG designed their mens razor Gillete, similarly for Brazilian people they made Basico, which made essential commodities affordable for them. Similarly their strategy is to make commodities according to the wants and needs of their customer and increase their number of customer. Performance management is an action which is taken in order to obtain the target of an organization, whereas strategic planning is the setting up of methods by which a company will achieve its objective (Poister, 2010). The goals of performance management come from the strategic planning of a company. The goals set by strategic planning are used to analyze and determine the objectives and goals of every individual in PG. generally it is considered that setting the goals of employees depends on the target of a specific work unit. Performance management system helps to enhance the skills and efficiency of the employees (Van Dooren, 2011). Performance management depends on precise end results, not just the activities but the outcomes of those results are also considered. The Strategic plans objectives and goals concentrate on measurement of performance results and help to describe appropriate indicators of performance. The Strategic plans make the performance of employees to be measured. Strategic plan must continually check the outcomes measures and the goals of the organization. In context of PG: For PG the strategic plan is to make products for consumer. This seems to be a very common objective of any other organization, but PG has a different strategy. They not only aim to sell their products by making them acceptable to the customers but the customers must have a benefit from the product. Like in market segmentation in Brazil, they used price strategy. A question generates that how the strategic plan will impact on the performance management? It is so that the employees have to use optimum resources to make their product worthy of the price charges per products. PG increased its supply while making products available in affordable price in Brazil (Taylor, 2014). In order to increase supply the employees had to work more efficiently, and in order to increase the efficiency they needed to evaluate their performance (Rothwell, Zaballero and Park, 2014). Hence performance management came into existence in this strategic plan of PG. In case of providing a sanitary razing system to the Indian male customers, PG realized that the blade used by the barbers is used in an unsanitary condition, they immediately identified the need of the customers in India. Hence they made a razor keeping in mind the need of the Indian customers. They used an innovative method of solving the problem. In this process, the design and the idea and people who worked to create the product had to be efficient enough to make the product. Thus for this productivity, creativity, skills and efficiency the system of performance management was significant. It was to be ensured that the employees have to understand the requirement of the customer and so did they work and put their effort to make the product. What would you say and do to garner company-wide support for your performance management system? Measures to garner the company wide support of performance management system: Make the approach It is difficult to make a post launch, launch and pre launch communication plan for an organization launching its new system of performance management. Multiple vehicles for communication are required, like posters, news letters from the executives along with handbooks; email voice messages should also be used. The process of communication will be continually demonstrated. The HR has to be act like the advocate and communicate the importance and value of the new performance system. Clarify the roles and responsibilities for the Stakeholders A system of Performance management is considered as a system of accountability. Form frontline employees to senior executives everyone is involved in the system of performance management. They are provided with the information of their respective accountability in contributing for their organizations. Here, the role of HR will be to clearly demonstrate the role of every profile and the strategic priorities of the organization (Spieth and Lerch, 2014). The prime focus of the new system of performance management should be increasing the customer retention rate and gather new customer with the efficiency and productivity level of the employees. Once the priorities ate set the HR has to establish necessary steps for the organization. Including both lag and lead measures the balanced scorecard measures must be included that would provide a proficient way for the performance of the employees. It is also to be ensured that an effectual set of climate should also be introduced that would inf luence the work culture and the work ethics. Develop the potential of the key players The new system of performance management should actively involve its employees and in order to ensure that a proposal should be made that would analyze the participation terms of the employees (Men, 2011). The Proposal must ensure the senior personnel that the performance management system will be vary agreeable and will contribute in achieving the goal (Scullion and Collings, 2011). Certain data analysis on the probability and other data that will overrule the notion of negative notion would lead to an acceptable garner. The key player will be identified, enhances and motivated so as to deliver performance on behalf of PG. This would help the process because the reliability of the employees will increase. They would be the trump card that would play a major part and the hopeful positive impact (Palethorpe, 2010). To align process and systems : In order to garner the company wide support it was important to demonstrate the importance of the system. Now the PMS (Performance Management System) has established its importance it is important to cater the use of the management system and how it works. There should be effective and unbiased reviews (Osman, Anouze and Emrouznejad, n.d.). Every plan has an action and every action has its consequences. This consequences in PRS needs to be evaluated and that would help to identify whether it is working effectively. The support will be received if the outcomes are assured to have at least a moderate impact for the goals of an Organization. With PGs aim of reaching its customers the new PMS of the company needs to assure that the customer does not gets affected. Provide clear steps: The company must know each and every step, their backups and what the possible negative impacts are. These steps should be arranged in a way that follow up should be easy. Time is a big factor in this process. A new system of performance management should make sure that the time required for this system will be less than the previous format (Poister, 2010). This includes not only the required time for the whole process to be implemented, but also the time that will be taken to make the process effective (Safaripoor and Fadaei, 2015). Thus the HR should establish the value of time through his presentation that would convince the members of PG to accept to the proposal of the new system of Performance management (Payaud, 2013). Conclusion: The performance management is a continual communication between the employees and the management in order to clarify the responsibilities and enhance the performance incessantly. It is a concept which has widely become a part of HR management. In order to achieve the goal of a company, performance management plays s a crucial role. Today, the expectation of customers is increasing daily and it has become a challenge for organizations to satisfy their customer. Performance management is an integrated and strategic process which aids to maintain as well as deliver success by developing the skills and improving the performance for every individual in a well ascertained team (Rothwell, Zaballero and Park, 2014). Performance management not only depends on the performance of the employees but also depends on the Organizations behavior towards its employees. References A, M. (2013).Organizational Behaviour. London: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Bachrach, D. and Schermerhorn, J. (2013).Introduction to Management, 12th Edition International Student Version. 12th ed. Wiley, p.624. Cascone, J. (2011). Equipped to sustain (how an organizations internal audit plan can help it meet its current sustainability needs).Strategic Direction, 27(8). Chiarini, A. (n.d.).Sustainable Operations Management. Demartini, C. (n.d.).Performance management systems. Fernandez, S. and Moldogaziev, T. (2012). Using Employee Empowerment to Encourage Innovative Behavior in the Public Sector.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), pp.155-187. Freeman, R. (2010).Stakeholder theory. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. Fujimoto, Y. and Hartel, C. (2010).Moderating and mediating effects of workforce diversity. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. Harris, J., Craig, E. and Light, D. (2011). Talent and analytics: new approaches, higher ROI.Journal of Business Strategy, 32(6), pp.4-13. Hong, N. and Hi, N. (2013). Designing and implementing the toolkit of QoS parameter-based network performance evaluation.JCC, 16(4). Kerzner, H. (2014).Project management best practices. Hoboken: Wiley. Lafley, A. (2010).Our Values and Policies. 1st ed. [ebook] Ohio: PG, p.24. Available at: https://www.pg.com/images/company/who_we_are/pdf/values_and_policies907.pdf [Accessed 17 Mar. 2015]. Martn-de Castro, G., Delgado-Verde, M., Navas-Lpez, J. and Cruz-Gonzlez, J. (2013). The moderating role of innovation culture in the relationship between knowledge assets and product innovation.Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(2), pp.351-363. Men, L. (2011). How employee empowerment influences organizationemployee relationship in China.Public Relations Review, 37(4), pp.435-437. Osman, I., Anouze, A. and Emrouznejad, A. (n.d.).Handbook of research on strategic performance management and measurement using data envelopment analysis. Palethorpe, R. (2010). Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail (3rd ed.)20101R. Meredith Belbin. Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail (3rd ed.) . Oxford, England and Burlington, MA: Butterworth Heinemann 2010. , ISBN: 978 1 85617 807 5 RRP: 21.99.Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(5), pp.274-275. Payaud, M. (2013). Marketing Strategies at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Examples From Nestl, Danone, and Procter Gamble. Bus. Org. Exc., 33(2), pp.51-63. Poister, T. (2010). The Future of Strategic Planning in the Public Sector: Linking Strategic Management and Performance.Public Administration Review, 70, pp.s246-s254. Procter Gamble Digitizes its Talent Management Processes through Customized Talent by Design Solutions. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] Accenture, p.3. Available at: https://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Procter-Gamble-Digitizes-Talent-Management-Processes-Design-Solutions.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Rothwell, W., Zaballero, A. and Park, J. (2014).Optimizing Talent in the Federal Workforce. London: Management Concepts Press. Safaripoor, R. and Fadaei, M. (2015). Examining the effect of Employees skill on financial performance: the mediating role of organizational learning and organizational innovation. Jour. Rese. Busi. Econ. and Manag., 5(1), p.319. Scullion, H. and Collings, D. (2011).Global talent management. New York: Routledge. Spieth, P. and Lerch, M. (2014). Augmenting innovation project portfolio management performance: the mediating effect of management perception and satisfaction.RD Management, 44(5), pp.498-515. Taylor, J. (2014). Organizational Culture and the Paradox of Performance Management.Public Performance Management Review, 38(1), pp.7-22. Tazhitdinov, I. (2013). The applying stakeholder approach to strategic management of territories development.EoR, pp.17-27. Van Dooren, W. (2011). Better Performance Management.Public Performance Management Review, 34(3), pp.420-433. Walker, R., Damanpour, F. and Devece, C. (2010). Management Innovation and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Performance Management.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(2), pp.367-386.

Social Conflict Theories essay Essays - Sociology, Culture

Social Conflict Theor y There are three main theories of sociology; functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. This paper will focus on two of those theories, functionalism and conflict theory. The objective is to delineate the assumptions of two out of the three theoretical perspectives and apply these assumptions to an analysis of social stratification. How this will be accomplished will be by comparing and contrasting their assumptions and by analyzing the two theories effect on social stratification. Then I will state my opinion on which of the two better fits my personal sociological views. Functionalism is many people's way to view the world sociologically. It states clearly that the objectivity of the researcher is necessary and can be accomplished. There are three main points, which make up a functionalist theory on sociological expression. The first point is that culture is made up of interacting, interdependent parts. Each of these parts has a function in maintaining the society as a system on the whole. The second point states that shared values and expectations (or beliefs) among the members of the society help hold the society together. The third point states that these systems have a need for stability and a need to try to keep all the parts working together congruously in a sort of system. Social change in this system is uncommon, and when it does happen, it is a very gradual change. Conflict theory is centered on the tension, or struggle that goes on in everyday life. There are many different parts, which make up the conflict theorist's view on the sociological perspective. The first main part is that society promotes general differences in wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth, power, and prestige are qualities that all people desire. Some segments of society benefit from a social arrangement at the expense of less privileged groups. Whichever groups have the power is a central concern of this theory. These Marxist statements are the central arguments of all conflict theorist's statements of truth. The second part of the conflict theorist's assumptions is that the different parts of the social system as a whole are intertwined, not because of a shared value system, however, but because of the fact that one group is inherently dominant over the other. This dominance happens because one group, the dominant group, controls the resources. The third part of the assumptions of the conflict theorist is that society does not necessarily have needs, but individuals and groups do. Because the dominant group has the access to wealth, power and prestige, they have the ability to have their needs defined as "system needs." The fourth part of the conflict theorist's assumptions is the basic question of "Who benefits?" from the social arrangements of the day. On any issue in society, there are people who benefit and people who don't benefit. This conflict always gives the advantage to the stronger party. The fifth part of the conflict theorist's system of assumptions is the conflict itself, which lends tension, hostility, competitions, disagreement over goals, and values, as well as violence. Not always are these issues negative, however. They can act as an adhesive to help join groups together in the pursuit of a positive goal. The sixth and final part of the conflict theorist's assumptions is that to understand society we have to reali ze who holds the power and also the ability to use it. The conflict theorist will state that the main characters will cause some very defined conflicts. These would be the following; those who have authority vs. those who don't, young vs. old, producers of goods vs. consumers of goods, and racial and ethnic groups. These conflicts are based on the organization of similar interests and concerns. Functionalism's view on the social stratification of our society is centered on their basic viewpoints. These viewpoints lend themselves to promote the functionalist's standpoints. These state that the function is a consequence, which adds to the stability of the system. A dysfunction is a consequence, which takes away stability from the system of social stratification. There are certain institutions, among them include the family, the political system, religion, economy, sports, the military, etc., which aid the structure of society. These institutions,

Arts Essay Example

Arts Essay Example Arts Essay Arts Essay How did Mendelâ„ ¢s approach to answering scientific questions differ from that of his contemporaries Mendel tried to track the transmission of certain genes rather than specific phenotypes. What really separated him apart from other people was that he worked very carefully to observe and manipulate the matings between pairs of plants. On top of all that, Mendel used math with his analysis. He used math to calculate the ratios of offspring and their traits. During that time, using math in conjunction with such studies was unheard of. How did his novel approach contribute to his success in describing how traits are inherited I think that since Mendel decided to use peas for his experiments, he gained quite the amount of advantages. Peas tend to have short generation times which would lead to him being able to study multiple plants at once. He easily manipulated the reproduction between the plants giving him the opportunity to view the different traits of each plant such as flower color or the shape of the seeds. What advantages did he enjoy by choosing to study the garden pea Some of the advantages that Mendel enjoyed by choosing to study the garden pea was that they could easily be grown in large numbers, the reproduction of which could easily be manipulated and that due to the reproductive organs of the plant, they could self-pollinate or cross pollinate with another. Piecing It Together on p. 78 of the text describes the six major concluding principles Mendel hypothesized from his work. Describe three of them. 1. Mendelâ„ ¢s Law of Segregation, states that alleles of genes separate when gametes are formed. This would apply to the segregation of the alleles of one gene. 2. Mendelâ„ ¢s Law of Independent Assortment stats that when more than 2 genes are considered at the same time. And that the alleles of one gene are passed on to the offspring differently from the alleles of the other genes. 3. Mendel also states that some genes may show dominance over another gene. In other words, the dominant allele comes from a heterozygous while the other, recessive allele is masked.

Definition and Examples of Pathos in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Pathos in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, pathos is the means of persuasion that appeals to the emotions of an audience. Adjective: pathetic. Also called  pathetic proof and emotional argument.The most effective way to deliver a pathetic appeal, says W.J. Brandt, is to lower the level of abstraction of ones discourse. Feeling originates in experience, and the more concrete writing is, the more feeling is implicit in it (The Rhetoric of Argumentation). Pathos is one of the three kinds of artistic proof in Aristotles rhetorical theory. Etymology: From the Greek, experience, suffer Pronunciation: PAY-thos Examples and Observations Of the three appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos, it is the [last] that impels an audience to act. Emotions range from mild to intense; some, such as well-being, are gentle attitudes and outlooks, while others, such as sudden fury, are so intense that they overwhelm rational thought. Images are particularly effective in arousing emotions, whether those images are visual and direct as sensations, or cognitive and indirect as memory or imagination, and part of a rhetors task is to associate the subject with such images.(L. D. Greene, Pathos. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001)Most twenty-first-century direct mail solicitations for environmental groups invoke the pathetic appeal. The pathos exists in the emotional appeals to the receivers sense of compassion (for the dying animal species, deforestation, the shrinking of glaciers, and so on).(Stuart C. Brown and L.A. Coutant, Do the Right Thing. Renewing Rhetorics Relation to Composition, ed. by Shane Borrowman et al . Routledge, 2009) Cicero on the Power of Pathos[E]veryone must acknowledge that of all the resources of an orator far the greatest is his ability to inflame the minds of his hearers and to turn them in whatever direction the case demands. If the orator lacks that ability, he lacks the one thing most essential.(Cicero, Brutus 80.279, 46 B.C.)Quintilian on the Power of Pathos[T]he man who can carry the judge with him, and put him in whatever frame of mind he wishes, whose words move men to tears or anger, has always been a rare creature. Yet this is what dominates the courts, this is the eloquence that reigns supreme. . . . [W]here force has to be brought to bear on the judges feelings and their minds distracted from the truth, there the orators true work begins.(Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, c. 95 A.D.)Augustine on the Power of PathosJust as the listener is to be delighted if he is to be retained as a listener, so also he is to be persuaded if he is to be moved to act. And just as he is delighted if you speak sweetly, so is he persuaded if he loves what you promise, fears what you threaten, hates what you condemn, embraces what you commend, sorrows at what you maintain to be sorrowful; rejoices when you announce something delightful, takes pity on those whom you place before him in speaking as being pitiful, flees those whom you, moving fear, warn are to be avoided; and is moved by whatever else may be done through grand eloquence toward moving the minds of listeners, not that they may know what is to be done, but that they may do what they already know should be done.(Augustine of Hippo, Book Four of On Christian Doctrine, 426) Playing on the Emotions[I]t is perilous to announce to an audience that we are going to play on the emotions. As soon as we appraise an audience of such an intention, we jeopardize, if we do not entirely destroy, the effectiveness of the emotional appeal. It is not so with appeals to the understanding.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999)All About the Children- It has become a verbal tic for politicians to say that everything they do is about the children. This rhetoric of pathos reflects the de-intellectualization of public life- the substitution of sentimentalism for reasoned persuasion. Bill Clinton carried this to comic lengths when, in his first State of the Union address, he noted that not a single Russian missile is pointed at the children of America.Those children-seeking missiles were diabolical.(George Will, Sleepwalking Toward DD-Day. Newsweek, October 1, 2007)- A brilliant young woman I know was asked once to support her argument in favor of social welfare. She named the most powerful source imaginable: the look in a mothers face when she cannot feed her children. Can you look that hungry child in the eyes? See the blood on his feet from working barefoot in the cotton fields. Or do you ask his baby sister with her belly swollen from hunger if she cares about her daddys work ethics?(Nate Parker as Henry Lowe in The Great Debaters, 2007) Stirred, Not ShakenHillary Clinton used a moment of brilliantly staged emotion to win the New Hampshire Democratic primary . . .. As she answered questions in a diner on the morning before the election, Mrs. Clintons voice began to waver and crack when she said: Its not easy. . . . This is very personal for me.Emotions can be an electoral trump card, especially if one can show them as Mrs. Clinton did, without tears. The key is to appear stirred without appearing weak.(Christopher Caldwell, Politics of the Personal. Financial Times, January 12, 2008)Winston Churchill: Never give in[T]his is the lesson: Never give in. Never give in. Never, never, never, never- in nothing, great or small, large or petty- never give in, except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force. Never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries, it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our School history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated. Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead, our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these Islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer.(Winston Churchill, To the Boys of Harrow School, October 29, 1941) Artful Persuasion: A Pathetic ParodyDuring the 1890s, the following genuine letter from a homesick schoolboy was reprinted in several magazines. A century later, British journalist Jeremy Paxman quoted it in his book  The English: A Portrait of a People, where he observed that the letter is so perfect in its depictions of the horrors and so cunning in its attempts to extract sympathy before the appeal for cash that it reads like a parody.One suspects that it  reads  like a parody because thats exactly what it is.My  Dear Ma- I wright to tell you I am very retched and my chilblains is worse again. I have not made any progress and do not think I shall. I am very sorry to be such an expence, but I do not think this schule is any good. One of the fellows has taken the crown of my best hat for a target, he has now borrowed my watch to make a water wheal with the works, but it wont act. Me and him have tried to put the works back, but we think some wheels are missing, as they wont fit. I hope Matildas cold is better. I am glad she is not at schule I think I have got consumption, the boys at this place are not gentlemanly, but of course you did not know this when you sent me here, I will try not to get bad habits. The trousers have worn out at the knees. I think the tailor must have cheated you, the buttons have come off and they are loose behind. I dont think the food is good, but I should not mind if I was stronger. The piece of meat I send you is off the beef we had on Sunday, but on other days it is more stringy. There are black beadles in the kitchen and sometimes they cook them in the dinner, which cant be wholesome when you are not strong.Dear Ma, I hope you and Pa are well and do not mind my being so uncomfortable because I do not think I shall last long. Please send me some more money as io 8d. If you cannot spare it I think I can borrow it of a boy who is going to leave at the half quarter and then he wont ask for it back again, but perhaps you wd. n ot like to be under an obligation to his parents as they are tradespeople. I think you deal at their shop. I did not mention it or I dare say they wd. have put it down in the bill.- Yr. loving but retched son(Switchmens Journal, December 1893;  The Travelers Record, March 1894;  The Collector, October 1897) An instructors first impulse might be to assign this letter as an editing exercise and be done with it. But lets consider some of the richer pedagogical opportunities here.For one thing, the letter is a smart example of pathos, one of the three categories of artistic proof discussed in Aristotles  Rhetoric. Likewise, this homesick schoolboy has masterfully executed two of the more popular logical fallacies: ad misericordiam  (an argument based on an exaggerated appeal to pity) and the appeal to force  (a fallacy that relies on scare tactics to persuade an audience to take a particular course of action). In addition, the letter aptly illustrates the effective use of kairos- a classical term for saying the appropriate thing at the appropriate time.Soon Ill be asking my students to update the letter, retaining the same persuasive strategies while freshening the litany of horrors.(Grammar Composition Blog, August 28, 2012) The Lighter Side of Pathos: Pathetic Appeals in Monty Python Restaurant Manager: I want to apologize, humbly, deeply, and sincerely about the fork.Man: Oh please, its only a tiny bit. . . . I couldnt see it.Manager: Ah, youre good kind fine people for saying that, but I can see it. To me its like a mountain, a vast bowl of pus.Man: Its not as bad as that.Manager: It gets me here. I cant give you any excuses for itthere are no excuses. Ive been meaning to spend more time in the restaurant recently, but I havent been too well. . . . (emotionally) Things arent going very well back there. The poor cooks son has been put away again, and poor old Mrs. Dalrymple who does the washing up can hardly move her poor fingers, and then theres Gilbertos war woundbut theyre good people, and theyre kind people, and together we were beginning to get over this dark patch. . . . There was light at the end of the tunnel. . . . Now, this. Now, this.Man: Can I get you some water?Manager (in tears): Its the end of the road!(Eric Idle and Graham Chapman, episode three of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969)

Why girls education is the most important investment Pakistan and the Essay

Why girls education is the most important investment Pakistan and the world can make - Essay Example Currently, the education system has registered minimal progress, but there are concerted efforts from different organizations and the government that seek to make a difference in Pakistan. The value of education in improving the welfare of any society cannot be underestimated, explaining why Pakistan should strive to improve its education system. Mostimportantly, educating girls presets more impact on any society, the ore reason why Pakistan should work towards on tackling the gender disparity evident in the education system. This paper will describe the challenges faced by Pakistan, statistics of education and outline strategies that Pakistan can use in its efforts to improve education in the country. Pakistan has received ranking as one of the countries with the lowest levels of education, and with a high gender disparity level in both school enrolment and retention of girls. The country has an overwhelming 27 million school-age children who have no access to education. The country has an unacceptably low investment in the education sector. ... The specific target defined that by 2015, both boys and girls from every region would have opportunity to enroll and complete primary schooling. Although there is some progress registered in other countries, Pakistan has lagged behind with about 27 million school age children out of school. Worse still, 7 million of these children have never been to a classroom (Mohiuddin, 2007). The situation in Pakistan is worrying because there are only two years before 2015, and a great number of children lack access to education. This emphasizes on the need for the development of new strategies that can improve the education sector in Pakistan. Education of Girls is Important Research on the need to empower girls has indicated that educating girls transforms the entire society. Educated girls often make decision that can affect the society. After education, girls can access employment, a factor that serves to reduce poverty. Moreover, educated women realize the need to plan their families wisely , reducing the explosion of population that is evident in societies where girls lack education (Siddiqui,2013). Education of girls contributes positively in improving the health of the society. This is because education empowers girls and women to promote health within the family by adoptive preventive measures, seek to access maternal health and nutrition recommendations. Educating girls in a society also reduces child mortality rate immensely. Lack of education compels girls to venture into early marriages, but research has indicated that each additional year of retaining girls in school reduces chances of early marriages. Evidently, educated girls realize that they have a duty to participate in political,

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inflation - Essay Example Inflation defined in this way refers to monetary inflation, which is the difference between the growth in money supply and the growth in availability of goods and services in the economy (Siegl, 2009). There are various measures of inflation, but most commonly, inflation is measured by using Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI refers to price of a basket of commodities and services that an average customer buys and changes in this index allows economists to study the rise and fall of the general price level in the economy which helps them to study the rate of inflation in the economy. In the latter half of 2012, Bank of England Chief Economist, Spencer Dale, had warned that the average standard of living for the Britons would fall in 2013. The country (UK) is still on the recovery phase from the shock of the financial crisis, this process is a slow and painful one. With a high unemployment rate of 7.8% and wage growth struggling to keep up with inflation, 2013 is looking to be anothe r year of hardship. Causes of inflationary pressure Inflation refers to the upwards movement of the general price level in economy. Prices are determined in the free market economy through the interaction of the sellers and the buyers in the economy. Most economists consider that the inflationary pressure in the economy is caused from either the demand side (demand pull inflation) or the supply side (cost push inflation) pressure on the equilibrium condition in the market (P. J. Welch and G. F. Welch, 2009). Demand pull inflation In long run, when the total output in economy moves towards the full employment output, the economy operates nearly at the full capacity. At full capacity, the economy produces the maximum amount of output by utilizing the available factors of production and the production level cannot be expanded easily. Figure 1: Demand Pull inflation (Source: Pettinger, 2013) At the other end, consumers in the economy are themselves the workers and they are earning more since output level is high at this stage. Hence, there is high consumer demand for services and commodities. This demand pressure from households coupled with the near full capacity production by the producers in the economy triggers inflationary pressure in the economy (P. J. Welch and G. F. Welch, 2009). Cost push inflation Inflationary pressure also occurs when cost to sellers of goods and services rise. Any source of cost to businesses is also a source of increase in rise in prices. Cost to producers and sellers are transferred to buyers partially or wholly and they through rise in prices. Figure 2: Demand Pull inflation (Source: P. J. Welch and G. F. Welch, 2009) Upwards pressure is created on prices if costs of labour, fuel, raw materials and other factors of production rise. At times firms’ attempt to enhance profit in certain industries increases prices and creates inflationary pressure (P. J. Welch and G. F. Welch, 2009). Inflation in UK Between 1989 till present (20 13), inflation rate in the UK averages at 2.81%. In May 2013, the inflation rate was 2.70% (Trading Economics, 2013). The inflation rates between 2011 and 2013 is shown in the following figure. Figure 3: Inflation rates in UK 2011-2013 (Source: Trading Economics, 2013) Demand side policies to combat inflation The most important tool to control inflationary pressure in the UK has been monetary policy changes. In the UK, the Bank of England adopts a monetary policy that helps

Testing and Assessment in ELT Essay Example for Free

Testing and Assessment in ELT Essay The notion that language tests have a damaging effect upon learning is reflected in much contemporary academic and media based criticism and speculation. This can be seen in relation to the meaning of the language being learned and the social context deemed crucial to understanding and developing language use. This is primarily because unlike many of the other educational disciplines, language is a cornerstone study as it is used in every study and forms the basis for all shared intellectual knowledge. That is to say, that every study uses the convention and medium of language as a basis for its knowledge. Furthermore, it is comparatively ambiguous in nature as it relates to the everyday development of the child and every stage of learning. It includes the very communicative and social reality of the individual and is used in thought itself. Other studies can be subsequently seen as having their own particular forms of language, which break from the socialised identity of the child in some respect. For instance, a studier of biology need not use the terms, words and knowledge they have come to learn in everyday life. Due to this, learning such technical forms of knowledge can be seen as something of a distinct formal language used for education. However, in the study of English language this is not possible as it incorporates the very understanding of language itself along with the identity of the child or learner. It is due to this that concerns have grown regarding the formalised testing of English. And it also due to this that we can agree with Hughes contention that such testing has a harmful effect on teaching and learning and fails to measure accurately whatever it is that they are intended to measure. Essentially, they do not measure the relevant foundational and social knowledge that forms an understanding of language itself. Subsequently, in this assignment we will be looking at some of the relative concerns in English tests and putting forward some of the theoretical and practical alternatives proposed and practised by educational theorists and researchers alike before presenting our conclusion. With this in mind, we shall turn to the role of the class room environment in the teaching of English language. The Role of the Class Room Environment The main concern related to the study and teaching of English language is regarding the concept of input. Input generally refers to the exposure that the learners have had with the authentic language being used and taught. It is input that constitutes the main focus of the English language class and the development of English related knowledge and development. This insight is used primarily as an entry point into the study of language and acts as the catalyst for any of the various topics being covered. Input can come from a range of diverse sources. This includes the teacher. However, this also includes the learners as well as the learning environment itself. As a technical term, input is relative to intake, which refers to the intellectual absorbing and internalising of the input based upon the subsequent topic and discussion. This therefore relates to the process of word and knowledge acquisition. Knowledge and language acquisition theories emphasise the importance of comprehensible and relative input. This is essentially language that is just beyond the competence of the learner and just outside of their field of internalised knowledge. This is generally referred to as being outside of the zone of proximal development; meaning outside of the learner’s own experienced and intellectually internalised structure of conceptual knowledge. However, if the input were too far outside of the zone of proximal development then the learner would not be able to understand. Contrastingly, if it were inside the zone of the proximal development then the learner would find this unnecessary or perhaps conflicting knowledge. However, with it being outside of the zone of proximal development then the learner can relate this new information to their already established structure of knowledge and build upon it to see how the new intellectual stimuli, information or language relates. Ultimately, this provides the ideal conditions for acquisition to occur. Further, this is reflected by the research of Lambert who states that: ‘Learners are encouraged to construct and produce knowledge in meaningful ways through the acknowledgment of prior experiences. Generative learning environments promote deep, engaged learning’ (Lambert 2003). This all means that the classroom environment is crucial to the teaching of English and the information input into this environment must be at an intellectual level at which the individual can begin to build from their own knowledge. However, this is also integral to the group, as in accordance to acquisition theory the group must be able to communicate and exchange their understanding within the classroom. This means that a focus is imperative to the class room environment and that the tasks are hugely important for the social learning dynamic. Essentially, if there is little communication between learners, then the intellectual development and needs of the group will be at odds and many of the children will be left behind as others excel. Although the case can be made for differences in intelligence and intellectual ability, such a difference made by an unequal environment and focus is artificial and would cause a discrepancy in either the focus or the input. Essentially, the difference in intellectual capacity and acquired knowledge would be due to lack of awareness rather than higher abilities of certain individuals. By keeping the class room environment an equally focused group made to share and exchange different knowledge and insights regarding a specific topic, the group can then become a mutually orientated group focused upon a shared goal. This also shows the importance and significance of the children’s identity, as without recognition of an individual’s identity and experiences within the social dynamics of the teaching environment the child may not be able to relate, understand and/or develop.

Heracles as a Paradox in Women of Trachis Essay -- Women of Trachis Es

Heracles as a Paradox in Women of Trachis Using the portrayal of Hercules in Sophocles' tragedy Women of Trachis, a puzzling image of the Greek hero emerges. Most of the myths of Heracles portray him as a fierce warrior, tamer of beasts and a master of everything he attempts. This myth however, shows honorable traits juxtaposed with very negative aspects of the same man. Heracles is a paradox because even though he is a very great man and ideal hero, in some ways he is savage, highly emotional and even vulnerable. Sophocles' version of Heracles' life, or at least part of it, made Heracles look less like a Greek hero and more like an ordinary Greek warrior. There are a few exceptions though. For one, Zeus was his father. Not many of the children of gods were thought of as ordinary. All of them had some terrific power or ability like Hercules. Secondly, his ability to fulfill his assigned tasks in the way in which he does shows in no uncertain terms, he is more than a common man is. Lastly, Hercules is granted immortality as a reward for impressing the gods on Mount Olympus. This final item is of special importance because it itself is a paradox. Was Hercules a Greek hero or was he a God? These things all lead me to see Hercules the man clearly but his relationships to things outside his heroic motif are a puzzle. Let us start by identifying the purpose of identifying Hercules as a hero. There are eight identifiable traits that must be present in order to declare somebody a Greek hero. The first point is divine birth. Hercules being a son of Zeus meets this requirement. He is threatened almost immediately by a jealous Hera but saved by his own strength and fearless valor. His up bringing was by an outsider, actually ... ...ignity but Heracles refused to admit his end was coming. All the times he left for a task he went in search of fame but "not to die." (Sophocles, Women, l 159-60) Then why did he think to leave his will with Deianira? It was obvious the tablet described the way his land should be divided up amongst his children so why was he still not ready for his fate? It is because Heracles thought of himself as a hero and could not imagine the gods fate him to death. All these contradicting sides of Heracles makes him a more interesting figure in ancient texts but they also create quite confusion. Why after all the evil, horrid things he did would the gods make him immortal? Heracles truly is a paradox. Works Cited: Sophocles. The Women of Trachis. Trans. Michael Jameson. Sophocles II. Ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.

Will the Internet Bring People of the World Closer Together?

Will the internet bring people of the world closer together? Nowadays technologies are become more and more important in our life. We all use computers, mobile telephones and other gadgets. Many people can’t imagine their life without internet, because it helps people who are far away from each other to communicate instantly. However, will the internet really bring people of the world closer together? There are two point of view regard to this statement. Some people agree with it and some disagree. Humanity is becoming more integrated day by day.People who are at opposite ends of the planet can talk with each other easily. It’s useful in business, education and friendship. For example, you can improve your English due to reading the web-sites or talking with a native-speaker. This is a big breakthrough in the development of international relations. Internet helps people imagine, that they are close together. As a result, we can say that internet communications are very important in our life and really can link absolutely different people. In the other hand, men should use internet in measure.This connection is not so helpful, when people are near to each other. Some of them begin to live only virtually life and often forget about their relatives and friends. Usually it is a youth. They are finding in the Internet something that spanning them and waste their time here. Instead of read books, rest with the friends and deal with other interesting things, they sit in the different social networks. For instance, now most of the Kazakhstan pupil and student all day sit at the computer or use internet in their mobile phones, but they not used it in a useful way.They only waste their time and distracted from their studies. So it’s clear, that people should use all of the technologies in case of need. To sum up, internet connecting people in the different way, but it can’t bring them closer together. People should realize for what they use in ternet. Internet can be helpful in many ways, because it is a huge source of information. However, you should know it is information useful or not. In my opinion, every new technologies should be used with mind.

Minor members of the solar system

Asteroids are small rocky bodies that have been likened to â€Å"flying mountains. † The largest, Ceres, is about 1000 kilometers in diameter, but most are only about 1 kilometer across. The smallest asteroids are assumed to be no larger than grains of sand. Most asteroids lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They have orbital periods of three to six years. Some asteroids have very eccentric orbits and travel very close to the sun, and a few larger ones regularly pass close to Earth and the moon.Many of the most recent impact craters on the moon and Earth were probably caused by collisions with asteroids. Many asteroids have irregular shapes. Because of this, planetary geologists first speculated that they might be fragments of a broken planet that once orbited between Mars and Jupiter. Others have hypothesized that several larger bodies once coexisted in close proximity, and their collisions produced numerous smaller ones. The existence of several families of asteroids has been used to support this explanation. COMETS Comets are the shining wanderers of the solar system.With their glowing tails that may stretch 100 million kilometers through space. Most comets reside in the outer fringes of the solar system, far beyond Pluto. For all their apparent size in the sky, comets are actually fairly small objects. When a comet begins its trip down past the Sun, it is probably a chunk of â€Å"dirty ice,† a mixture of rock dust and ice a few kilometers across, much smaller than the typical observed asteroid. As it speeds towards the Sun, the heat from the Sun evaporates the ice, and the gases thus released blow dust particles outward from the solid body or nucleus.Radiation from the Sun ionizes the released atoms, producing a tail that glows in the sky like a neon sign; the dust particles reflect sunlight and form another, smoother tail. But not all develop a tail that extends for millions of kilometers. The fact that the tail of a comet points awa y from the sun in a slightly curved manner led early astronomers to propose that the sun has a repulsive force that pushes the particles of the coma away, thus forming the tail. The tails seem white to the eye, but color photography reveals that the ionized gas tail is blue and the dust tail yellow.The small nucleus, the only even near-permanent part of a comet, is surrounded by the coma or head of the comet, a large, hazy structure formed by the liberated gas and dust. Of the 100 billion comets that may exist, less than 1000 have been observed thus far as they make the long Journey down to the heat of the Sun. Halley's is one of the best-known and brightest comets others are the Oort cloud which are comets that appear to be distributed in all directions trom the sun, torming a spherical shell around the solar system. METEOROIDS Often referred to as a â€Å"shooting star.This streak of light occurs when a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere. A meteoroid is a small solid particl e that travels through space. Most meteoroids originate from any one of the following three sources: (1) Interplanetary debris that was not gravitationally swept up by the planets during the formation of the solar system (2) Material from the asteroid belt, (3) The solid remains of comets that once traveled near Earth's orbit. A few meteoroids are believed to be fragments of the moon, or possibly Mars, that were ejected when an asteroid impacted these bodies.Some meteoroids are as large as steroids. Most, however, are the size of sand grains. Consequently, they vaporize before reaching Earth's surface. Those that do enter Earth's atmosphere and burn up are called meteors. The light that we see is caused by friction between the particle and the air, which produces heat. Occasionally, meteor sightings can reach 60 or more per hour. These displays, called meteor showers, result when earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids traveling in the same direction and at nearly the same speed as E arth. A meteoroid that actually reaches Earth's surface is called a meteorite.

Free Essays on Home Land Security

Home Land Security Modern technology has evolved to the point that phones are portable. People on the go can be reached any time, anywhere, at least when their cell phones work. Landlines always work, with the exception of the occasional storm, but landlines cannot be taken on the go. While cell phones are more convenient than landlines, dependability is worth more than convenience. It is true cell phones are mobile and offer the ease of being reached at anytime. However, people know when they dial a cell phone callers expect someone to answer, no matter what. People will constantly dial a cell phone until somebody answers. There are situations when people can not (or do not want to) answer their phone. People with a home landline phone never experience this problem. Landlines have been around for years and telephone etiquettes already exist to prevent such annoyances. It is a known norm when calling a landline and no answer is received no one is at home or they do not want to be disturbed. Callers know to leave a voice mail with the understanding that someone will get back with them as soon as they can, instead of calling and calling until someone finally answers. While there are no set standards for cells phones many cellular companies do offer nationwide long-distance calling for free during evenings and weekends. The evening rates for many cell phones do not begin until 7 or 9 p.m. However, land line phone users only pay one flat fee for long distance and it can be used anytime, day or night. Not only do cell phone carriers restrict calling times, cellular service providers try to lock people into a long term plan (or else they pay dearly for the phone and all sorts of hidden fees). Land line companies have no hidden fees and require no such contracts. Even without contracts cell phones require a constant power source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own power source with no charging... Free Essays on Home Land Security Free Essays on Home Land Security Home Land Security Modern technology has evolved to the point that phones are portable. People on the go can be reached any time, anywhere, at least when their cell phones work. Landlines always work, with the exception of the occasional storm, but landlines cannot be taken on the go. While cell phones are more convenient than landlines, dependability is worth more than convenience. It is true cell phones are mobile and offer the ease of being reached at anytime. However, people know when they dial a cell phone callers expect someone to answer, no matter what. People will constantly dial a cell phone until somebody answers. There are situations when people can not (or do not want to) answer their phone. People with a home landline phone never experience this problem. Landlines have been around for years and telephone etiquettes already exist to prevent such annoyances. It is a known norm when calling a landline and no answer is received no one is at home or they do not want to be disturbed. Callers know to leave a voice mail with the understanding that someone will get back with them as soon as they can, instead of calling and calling until someone finally answers. While there are no set standards for cells phones many cellular companies do offer nationwide long-distance calling for free during evenings and weekends. The evening rates for many cell phones do not begin until 7 or 9 p.m. However, land line phone users only pay one flat fee for long distance and it can be used anytime, day or night. Not only do cell phone carriers restrict calling times, cellular service providers try to lock people into a long term plan (or else they pay dearly for the phone and all sorts of hidden fees). Land line companies have no hidden fees and require no such contracts. Even without contracts cell phones require a constant power source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own power source with no charging...

St Marys College of Maryland (SMCM) Admissions Data

St Marys College of Maryland (SMCM) Admissions Data With an acceptance rate of 80  percent, St. Marys College of Maryland admits most of the students who apply each year. Those with good grades and test scores within or above the ranges listed below have a good chance of being admitted. If you are interested in applying, you will need to submit an application, SAT or ACT scores, official high school transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a personal essay. For more information about these requirements, be sure to visit the schools website, or get in touch with a member of the admissions team. Admissions Data (2016) St. Marys College Acceptance Rate: 80  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for St. Marys College of MarylandTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 510  / 640SAT Math: 490 / 610What these SAT numbers meanTop Maryland colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 23  / 29ACT English: 22  / 28ACT Math: 22  / 30What these ACT numbers meanTop Maryland colleges ACT comparison St. Marys College of Maryland Description Located on an attractive 319-acre waterfront campus, St. Marys College of Maryland stands on a historic piece of land first settled in 1634. Its a fitting location for Marylands only Public Honors College. The college boasts a 12 to 1  student/faculty ratio. Students at St. Marys College receive the benefits of a small,  liberal arts college  with the lower cost of state tuition. The schools academic strengths earned it a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa. Student life on the water has led to some interesting student traditions such as an annual cardboard boat race and a winter swim in the river. St. Marys many strengths earned it a place on the list of  top public liberal arts colleges  and  top Maryland colleges. The most popular majors are  Biology, Economics, English, History, Political Science, and Psychology. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 1,629  (1,598 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 44  percent male / 56 percent female97  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $14,192 (in-state); $29,340 (out-of-state)Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,442Other Expenses: $1,566Total Cost: $29,400 (in-state); $44,548 (out-of-state) Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 94  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 87 percentLoans: 77  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $8,701Loans: $6,006 Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 87  percentTransfer-out Rate: 24 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 65  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 73  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Basketball, Lacrosse, Sailing, Swimming, Tennis, Soccer, BaseballWomens Sports:  Sailing, Soccer, Lacrosse, Field Hockey, Cross Country, Basketball, Volleyball If You Like St. Marys College, You May Also Like These Schools: University of Delaware: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGettysburg College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHood College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJames Madison University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFrostburg State University: Profile  Elon University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJohns Hopkins University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Virginia: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGeorgetown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCollege of William Mary: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMount St. Marys University: Profile  Washington College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Brain based learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brain based learning - Essay Example As such, various researches have been conducted over the years in relation to this method of teaching. One of them dealt with finding the correlation between the use of the brain-based learning and the learning process and the the effect on the students confidence (Politano & Paquin, 2000). As earlier mentioned, the topic of brain-based learning has seen various researches and one of the areas has touched on the students’ learning process. As such, the research on the teaching method has focussed on how the brain functions in enabling the students to learn new concepts and skills over a given period and exposure. For example, the concept of neuroplasticity, an area researched under the brain-based learning, shows that there exist neural connections in a brain that are capable of remapping and reorganizing themselves the moment a person is exposed to new things to learn or new experiences. It has also been found that the learning process of a person is dependent on the brain’s capacity to handle various activities at a go. Additionally, research on the brain-based learning explains that the same type of information is likely to be stored in various parts of the brain. As such, the brain-based learning depends on the emotional state of the learner during th e learning process, which can be facilitated by factors such as diet, stress and exercise among other conditions. For this, it is evident that the use of brain-based learning technique highly enhances the learning process of the students (Politano & Paquin, 2000, p. 123). In regard to the confidence, brain-based learning has been found to be efficient in reducing anxiety in learners who are struggling with activities such as reading, pronunciation or any other learning-related activities. As such, tutors can use this technique to seek the right opportunities that can be used to emphasize the ability of the learner towards the achievement of the brain that they would want. Brain-based learning may also

Oppression Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Oppression - Term Paper Example In case oppression consequences accumulate to institutional customs, practices or law, the institution becomes oppressive whether the people running those institutions have or do not have intentions to oppress (Angelo, pp.8) Law and police themselves are example of this type oppression. In such situations the use of word oppression refers relegation of a social category or a certain group by using societal norms, authority and force unjustly with the aim of achieving indoctrination. Through informal or formal institutionalization it attains systematic oppression dimensions. Oppression is basically experienced in form of aftermath of, and shoed in, prevailing form of, if unconscious, In psychology, prejudices, sexism and racism are always studied as peoples’ beliefs which, though not that oppressive, may cause oppression if they are within law or conform to some culture.   From association, in sociology, these biases are always learnt as being systems that have been institutionalized by oppression in societies.in this field, the oppression tools are inclusive of demonization, dehumanization and denigration which at times always generate accusation that is used to defend aggression in contrary to targeted individuals and groups. The human rights concept and U.D.H.R in general were made with the aim of limiting oppression through clarifying what basic freedoms of any state should all individual it If oppression is practiced through force, violence threats or by government agencies violence of NGO with a political intent, is always known as repression. More delicate political forms of oppression or repression can be got by individual investigation or blacklisting. International governance systems that may at times be oppressive are inclusive of absolute monarchy, imperialism, totalitarianism, dictatorship; colonialism and can produce a revolt to the

Nursing ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing ethical dilemma - Essay Example Such scenarios make it necessary to study the ethical dilemmas faced by nurses to avoiding getting in trouble. Nurses ought to have moral concepts that would ensure that they provide care that is correct, rational and good. Nurses are obliged to give their patients the chance to express their feeling and choose the way they want nurses to serve them. Decision-making and science are the rationales under which ethical nursing care is based on. The essay focuses on two moral dilemmas that are common with practicing nurses in their daily activities. The essay relates the two ethical dilemmas faced by nurses to a particular moral principle that nurses should possess. Nurses are guided by a set code of ethics, which are meant to guide nurses on their actions and help to help solve moral dilemmas. The second part of the essay after the introduction part deals with the first ethical dilemma and the moral principle that relates to the dilemma. The third part of the essay tackles the second dilemma and just like the second part, the section also discusses the ethical principle under which the dilemma falls under. Conclusion is the final part of the paper, and this is where the major points in the essay are put in a clearer perspective. Nurses have reported cases of having to deal with patients who exercise their rights to say no to any directives given to them by nurses. Patients with Anorexia, an eating disorder that is becoming common refuse to take food given to them by nurses as the condition makes an individual detest eating. Patients suffering from the disease fail to eat any food provided to them by nurses and in the process, their body starts consuming itself damaging the patients health. Such an issue raises questions such as how nurses deal with patients who refuse to eat even if eating is imperative for them getting better. Another question on nurses’ mind is the motive behind such a patient’s decision of not

Plant Diseases Through Image Processing Techniques Computer Science Essay

Plant Diseases Through Image Processing Techniques Computer Science Essay Damage of plant is an important issue in agriculture. There are lots of factors involving weather, fungi, artificial drying, and mechanical damage during harvest and storage which can cause damage. NIR spectroscopy for classifying sound and damaged soybean seeds is very useful. NIR spectrometer is used to collect the spectra of single seed then PLS and neural network are used for classification of sound and damaged seeds. Near infrared spectroscopy is used because machine vision cannot provide information related to chemical composition because it is only useful for visible regions. NIR spectroscopy is useful for both physical and chemical properties. Seeds of six categories are used which are sound, weather damaged, frost-damaged, sprout-damaged, heat damaged and mold damaged. Grams/32 software is used for changing reflectance of spectrum in color space L, a , b. L ranges from 0(black) to 100(white), a ranges from -100(green) to 100(red)and b ranges from -100(blue)to 100(yellow). NIR spectrometer is used to collect spectra at a rate of 30/s. Spectrum of 700 sound seeds and 900 seeds damaged by other factors were measured. Two class and six class models are used for classification of sound and damaged soybean seeds with the help of Partial Least Square (PLS) software. Two class model is used for classifying sound and damaged soybean seeds whereas six class model is used for classifying sound seeds and weather, frost, sprout, heat and mold damaged seeds. In order to develop a neural network model for classification of sound and damage soybean seed the Neural Works Professional II/Plus software package is used. The neural network model package is based on back propagation networks. In back propagation networks increment or decrement in weights is needed because of the errors. At first weights are randomly allocated but after every trial weights are adjusted until the errors are reduced to acceptable values. Physical and chemical properties of sound and damaged soybean seeds are totally different so by using only visible wavelength region results in poor classification. By using near infrared region important information can be obtained. Highest classification accuracies can be obtained by using full wavelength region (490-1690nm). By using visible and NIR wavelength region alone results in lower classification accuracy. The best classification can be obtained by using neural network without hidden layer. PLS gives higher classification accuracy if two class classifications is used but in case of classification of six categories classification neural network (NN) gives higher accuracy results. Computer Vision Based Weed Identification Under Field Conditions Using Controlled Lighting Identification of weeds in crops is done by using methods of digital image analysis. Different kind of weeds often grow up with crop and its difficult to differentiate crop and weed so digital image analysis are used which are useful for differentiating both. Images were captured through MatroxMeter(RGB) ,this device provides controlled lighting. Two crops cabbage and carrot are used in greenhouse and open field experiments . For greenhouse experiments weed was added but for open field experiments natural weed population In digital images, it is difficult to differentiate between crop plants and weeds especially when they reached on advanced growth stage. Segmentation algorithm is used for differentiating crops and weeds and soil. This algorithm is based on union of two sets of each image which are S(soil) and V(vegetation). V has two components C (crop) and W (weed). The crop image data used in this research was the image of cauliflower at four different growth stages which are grouped. Experiments were performed on the 12 images. Colour is an important distinguishing feature and used as one component of the selection algorithm. Noise can occur in images through which misclassification occur and can deal by using square morphological closing filter. in a large bright region this filter can reduce the noise by removing small dark holes. Erosion is used for suppressing small bright region and removed pixels from the outer edge of large bright regions. The central position of each plant is located by processing Pv with a large erosion filter. The output of erosion filter is bright central position of crop plant. At growing stage 4 this approach is modified, centroid of soil region has to be found instead of centroid of crop plant. weeds are the main source of bias in the location of grid point. Segmentation algorithm is used to identify crop plant pixels but there was a higher probability of weed pixels being classified as crop plant pixels because they are very close to crop plants and grew in rows. So the difference between the size and texture of crop plant and weed is used in order to find the location of crop plant boundary. Morphological opening filter separates crop from adjoining areas of weed. The last stage involved thresholding the output of opening filter. Improving Plant Discrimination In Image Processing By Use Of Different Colour Space Transformation Image processing is becoming popular in different agricultural applications. color images taken by a digital camera stored in RGB colour space. Colour cameras can deal with large variety of situation for differentiating single object from an image. Thresholding is applied on each colour channel. Separation of object can be improved by transforming RGB by weighting each channel in different way in order to emphasize specific features. Different colour transformations were performed and then compared them. 40 images of RGB colour spaces are used discriminant analysis, canonical transformation, i1i2i3, HSV, HSI and Lab colour spaces were used for transformation. Thresholding is performed on transformed image to convert it into binary images in order to differentiate plant and soil. Manual and automatic thresholding was for i1i2i3,thresholding according to hemming was used for HSV,HSI and Lab colour spaces. Discriminant analysis consists of colour transformation and binarisation. Thresho lding was not needed in discriminant analysis. Linear and logarithmic discriminant functions were used. Logarithmic discriminant analysis is the most effective in discriminating but it takes much time for processing of one image. HSV,HSI am Lab colour spaces gave better results but not in open field.i1i2i3 were recommended for plant detection . This transformation is more useful if the reflection occur due to high solar radiation or some water on leaf. Image pattern classification for the identification of disease causing agents in plants For the identification of plant diseases machine vision system is used. Different images of cotton crops which shows diseased region were used, enhanced, segmented and the feature extraction is performed. The extracted features were then used as inputs to SVM classifier and then testing will be performed to choose the best classification model. Different features such as shape, texture, greylevel, connectivity etc were extracted from segmented region. Co-occurrence matrix was used in order to calculate the image texture. This method is used to measure occurrence of greylevels between a specific position in image and neighboring pixels according to distance and direction. Fractal dimension is a feature which measured dimension of object and box counting algorithm is used to estimate this measurement. Lacunarity was a multiscaled method which measures texture associated with spatial dispersion and gliding box algorithm was used to calculate lacunarity. Different features extracted from 117 images of cotton crops were labeled according to disease they belonged. SVM used Radial Basis Function kernel. There are different problems in classification if it involves more than two classes are used then multiple classes classification was used which uses one-against-one method. Different approaches were used to identify best classification model. Each feature is used as a single input to classifier .the groups of feature were used as inputs to classifier and then all the features except one is used as input. All features were not give the same amount of information so 7 fold cross validation is used. . Fall Armyworm Damaged Maize Plant Identification Using Digital Images An algorithm is developed to identify damaged maize plant by the fall armyworm at simplified lighting conditions using digital color images. Eight different stages of diseased and non-diseased maize plant were taken in three different light intensities. This algorithm involves processing and image analysis. First, the binary images were created by segmentation and then the images were divided into blocks and classified as diseased or non-diseased. The algorithm starts by converting original RGB image into greylevel image then by iterative threshold method it is converted into binary image then by applying 383 median filter its is converted into binary filteres image. These steps are part of first stage which is image processing. For next stage image analysis binary image is subdivided into 12 blocks. Blocks were selected from the subdivided image and then by object identification and counting damaged and non-damaged blocks were classified A review of advanced techniques for detecting plant diseases Diseases in plants are major issue in field of agriculture as they result in major production and economic losses. There is a mechanism called scouting is used for this purpose but this is not only expensive but also time consuming so there is need for a mechanism which is rapid, cost-effective so there are different technologies spectroscopic and imaging based and volatile profiling based plant disease detection methods. In the spectroscopic and imaging techniques, fluorescence spectroscopy, visible IR spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging and hyperspectral imaging involved. In VOC profile-based metabolite analysis released by healthy and diseased plants as a tool for identifying diseases. These methods can accurately detect plant diseases. Automatic Identification of Weed Seeds Image processing techniques were used to obtain seed size, shape, color and texture characteristics. Large database of images were used. Naà ¯ve bayes classifier was used for evaluation. It gives excellent results. Not only the color images were used but also the black and white images of weed seeds were used. By using morphological and textural characteristics as classification feature, it would reduce the complexity and cost. Naà ¯ve bayes classifier and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used for weed seed identification but naà ¯ve bayes has an excellent performance as compared to ANN. Identification of citrus disease using colour texture features and discriminant analysis Machine vision and AI techniques are used to achieve intelligent farming including early detection of diseases. Colour co-occurrence method is used to determine whether HIS color features in conjunction with statistical classification algorithms would be used to identify diseased and normal citrus leaves under laboratory conditions. Greasy spot, melanose, normal and scab are four different classes of citrus leaves used. By using image processing techniques, algorithms were designed for feature extraction and classification. Colour cooccurence methodology is used for feature extraction. It used colour and texture to get unique features. SAS discriminant analysis is used to evaluate the potential classification accuracies and this can be achieved by a traditional statistical classifier. Image texture feature dataset appeared as the best data model for citrus leaf classification, it uses reduced hue and saturation feature set. It gets high classification accuracy, less computation time and the elimination of intensity features which is beneficial in highly variable outdoor lighting conditions. Fast and accurate detection and classification of plant diseases First the images were acquired using a digital camera then the image processing techniques were applied to extract features which are useful. Then the classification is performed. The algorithm starts by acquiring RGB images. In the next step colour transformation is applied on RGB images. Images were then segmented using K-means clustering techniques. Green pixels are masked by using Ostus method. Pixels with zeros red, green, blue values and boundary pixels of infected objects were removed. The infected cluster is then converted into HIS from RGB. In the next step SGDM matrix were generated for H and S. For calculation of features GLCM function is used. Neural Network is used as a classification tool. Statistical and neural network classifier for citrus disease detection using machine vision Image data sets of common disease of citrus were collected and then CCM is used for detection of diseases. Different strategies and algorithms were developed for classifications which were based on feature obtained from CCM and then compared the classification algorithm in order to check accuracies. After acquiring images image processing algorithms for feature extraction and classification were developed. Feature extraction used CCM methodology. SAS discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the classification accuracies. Classification tests were applied on different classification algorithms. Statistical classifier using Mahalanobis minimum distance method achieved 98% classification accuracy. Neural network classifier using back propagation algorithm and neural network classifier using Radial Basis Function achieved 95% accuracy rate so the Mahalanobis minimum distance method is the best for classification. Rice disease identification using pattern recognition techniques For the identification of rice disease , software prototype system is described. Image segmentation techniques used to detect infected parts of the plants. These infected parts were further used for classification using Neural Network. For feature extraction first the segmentation is performed and for this entropy based bi-level thresholding method is used. After segmentation boundary detection algorithms were applied this uses 8- connectivity method. In the next step spot detection is applied for the normalization of spot size and interpolation method is used for fractional zooming. After this when all the uniform size spots were obtained, unsupervised learning technique Self Organinzing Map is used. Classification of grapefruit peel diseases using colour texture feature analysis Colour texture feature were used for detection of citrus peel disease.images of normal and five common peel diseases which are canker, copper burn, greasy spot, melanose and wind scan were used. Using colour cooccurence method, 39 image texture features were determined. Before applying CCM, RGB is transformed into HSI. SGDM( Spatial Gray level Dependence Matrix)was used to develop color cooccurence texture analysis. Texture feature were then calculated by SGDM. SAS procedure STEPDISC can find variables which are important for discriminating samples and it will use for texture feature selection. SAS procedure DISCRIM creates a discriminant function which was used to develop classification model. This is also used to test the accuracies of classification models. Plant leaves classification based on morphological features and a fuzzy surface selection technique Artificial vision system is designed to extract special features from plant leaves. Feature selection approach is used to identify significant image features and for the classification test Neural Network is used. In morphological feature extraction, morphological and geometrical features were extracted from plant leaves. These features provide critical information. Feature selection is very important task which is needed to determine the most relevant features for pattern recognition. Neural Network take features as inputs and perform classification. Weed seeds identification by machine vision There is a need of fast and reliable method for the identification and classification of seeds. Seeds of 57 weed species were used. Different features extractes were used as classification parameter . 12 classification parameters were used in which 6 morphological, 4 colour and 2 textural were involved. With the help of these parameters naà ¯ve bayes and Artificial Neural Network were compared for the identification of seed species. ANN performed better than naà ¯ve bayes.